Пассивный (страдательный) залог 1 (present и past simple)
Изучите этот пример:
This house was built in 1935.
Этот дом был построен в 1935 году.
Was built is passive (пассивный/страдательный залог).
Сравните активный (действительный) и пассивный залоги:
Когда мы используем активный глагол, мы говорим о том, что делает подлежащее (subject):
- My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1935. (Он построил...)
- It’s a big company. It employs two hundred people. (Она предоставляет работу...)
Когда мы используем пассивный глагол, мы говорим о том, что происходит с подлежащим:
- This house is quite old. It was built in 1935.
- Two hundred people are employed by the company.
Двести человек трудоустроены в этой компании. (досл.: есть нанятые)
Когда мы используем пассивный залог, мы часто не знаем кто или что совершает действие, либо нам не важно это знать:
- A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (кто-то украл их, но мы не знаем кто)
- Is this room cleaned every day? (кто-нибудь прибирает комнату? - не важно кто)
Если нам нужно сказать кто или что совершает действие, мы добавляем by ... :
- This house was built by my grandfather. (моим дедушкой)
- Two hundred people are employed by the company. (компанией)
Пассивный залог состоит из глагола be (is/was и т.д.) + past participle (причастие прошедшего времени) (done/cleaned/seen и т.д.):
(be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen etc.
см. Список неправильных глаголов английского языка.
Изучите активные и пассивные формы для present simple и past simple:
Present simple
active:
clean(s) / see(s) etc.
passive:
am/is/are + cleaned/seen etc.
- Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
Много несчастных случаев происходит из-за невнимательности на дорогах. - I’m not often invited to parties.
Меня не часто приглашают на вечеринки. - How is this word pronounced?
Как произносится это слово?
Past simple
active:
cleaned/saw etc.
passive:
was/were + cleaned/seen etc.
- We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.
Нас разбудил громкий шум посреди ночи. - ‘Did you go to the party?’ ‘No, I wasn’t invited.’
Ты ходил на вечеринку? — Нет, меня не пригласили. - How much money was stolen in the robbery?
Сколько денег было украдено во время ограбления?
Упражнения
1. Закончите предложения, используя один из этих глаголов в правильной форме настоящего или прошедшего времени:
damage | hold | invite | make | |
overtake | show | surround | translate | write |
- Many accidents by dangerous driving.
- Cheese from milk.
- The roof of the building in a storm a few days ago.
- You to the wedding. Why didn’t you go?
- A cinema is a place where films .
- In the United States, elections for president every four years.
- Originally the book in Spanish, and a few years ago it into English.
- Although we were driving quite fast, we by a lot of other cars.
- You can’t see the house from the road. It by trees.
2. Напишите вопросы, используя пассив настоящего или прошедшего времени.
- Ask about glass. (how/make?)
- Ask about television. (when / invent?)
- Ask about mountains. (how / form?)
- Ask about Pluto (the planet). (when / discover?)
- Ask about silver. (what / use for?)
3. Поставьте глагол в правильную форму: present simple или past simple, active или passive.
- It’s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) there.
- (somebody / clean) this room yesterday?
- Water (cover) most of the earth’s surface.
- How much of the earth’s surface (cover) by water?
- The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
- The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday.
- The boat hit a rock and (sink) quickly. Fortunately everybody (rescue).
- Richard’s parents (die) when he was very young. He and his sister (bring up) by their grandparents.
- I was born in London, but I (grow up) in Canada.
- While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel room.
- While I was on holiday, my camera (disappear) from my hotel room.
- Why (Sue / resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it?
- Why (Bill / sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?
- The company is not independent. It (own) by a much larger company.
- I saw an accident last night. Somebody (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure), so the ambulance (not / need).
- Where (these photographs / take)? In London? (you / take) them, or somebody else?
- Sometimes it’s quite noisy living here, but it’s not a problem for me - I (not / bother) by it.
4. Перепишите эти предложения. Вместо somebody, they, people и др. используйте пассивный залог.
- Somebody cleans the room every day.
- They cancelled all flights because of fog.
- People don’t use this road much.
- Somebody accused me of stealing money.
- How do people learn languages?
- Somebody warned us not to go out alone.