How long have you (been) ... ?
Изучите следующую ситуацию:
Dan and Jenny are married. (состоят в браке) They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They have been married for 20 years. (состоят в браке 20 лет)
Мы говорим: They are married. (present)
Как вы могли заметить, русская фраза ‘состоят в браке’ на английском обозначается разными временами в зависимости от наличия промежутка времени.
Мы используем present perfect, говоря о чем-либо, начавшемся в прошлом и продолжающемся в настоящем. Сравните the present и the present perfect:
- Bill is in hospital.
но
He has been in hospital since Monday.
(not Bill is in hospital since Monday)
- Do you know each other well?
но
Have you known each other for a long time?
(not Do you know)
- She’s waiting for somebody.
но
She’s been waiting all morning.
- Do they have a car?
но
How long have they had their car?
I have known/had/lived etc. это the present perfect simple.
I have been learning / been waiting / been doing etc. это the present perfect continuous.
Когда мы спрашиваем или говорим ‘how long’, мы обычно используем continuous (см. урок 10):
- I’ve been learning English for six months.
- It’s been raining since lunchtime.
- Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years.
- ‘How long have you been driving?’ ‘Since I was 17.’
Некоторые глаголы (например, know/like/believe) обычно не используются в continuous:
- How long have you known Jane? (not
have you been knowing) - I’ve had a pain in my stomach all day. (not
I’ve been having)
См. также урок 4A и урок 10C. О глаголе have, см. урок 17.
С глаголами live и work вы можете использовать как present perfect continuous, так и present perfect simple:
- Julia has been living / has lived in Paris for a long time.
- How long have you been working / have you worked here?
Но с always мы используем simple (I’ve lived / I’ve done и др.):
- I’ve always lived in the country. (not
always been living)
Мы говорим ‘I haven’t done something since/for ...’ (present perfect simple):
- I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. (= последний раз я видел его в понедельник)
- Sue hasn’t phoned for ages. (= последний раз она звонила ‘сто лет назад’)
Упражнения
1. Находятся ли подчеркнутые глаголы в правильной грамматической форме? Исправьте, если необходимо.
2. Прочитайте ситуации и напишите вопросы, используя слова в скобках.
- John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:
(how long / be / in hospital?)
- You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:
(how long / teach / English?)
- You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroline’s. You ask Jane:
(how long / know / Caroline?)
- Your friend’s brother went to Australia some time ago and he’s still there. You ask your friend:
(how long / be / in Australia?)
- Tim always wears the same jacket. It’s a very old jacket. You ask him:
(how long / have / that jacket?)
- You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask your friend:
(how long / work / at the airport?)
- A friend of yours is learning to drive. You ask him:
(how long / learn / to drive?)
- You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask her:
(always / live / in Chicago?)
3. Закончите ответы B на вопросы A.
- A: Bill is in hospital, isn’t he?
B: Yes, he in hospital since Monday. - A: Do you see Ann very often?
B: No, I her for three months. - A: Is Margaret married?
B: Yes, she married for ten years. - A: Are you waiting for me?
B: Yes, I for the last half hour. - A: You know Linda, don’t you?
B: Yes, we each other a long time. - A: Do you still play tennis?
B: No, I tennis for years. - A: Is Jim watching TV?
B: Yes, he TV all evening. - A: Do you watch TV a lot?
B: No, I TV for ages. - A: Have you got a headache?
B: Yes, I a headache all morning. - A: George is never ill, is he?
B: No, he ill since I’ve known him. - A: Are you feeling ill?
B: Yes, I ill all day. - A: Sue lives in London, doesn’t she?
B: Yes, she in London for the last few years. - A: Do you go to the cinema a lot?
B: No, I to the cinema for ages. - A: Would you like to go to New York one day?
B: Yes, I to go to New York. (используйте always / want)